Post-Pandemic Public Space: How COVID-19 May Permanently Alter the Public Realm
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15377/2409-9821.2023.10.6Keywords:
COVID-19, Pandemics, Public Space, Built Environment, Digital EnvironmentAbstract
This research looks at the impact that pandemics can have on public space. The goal of the research was to learn from the past to anticipate the long-term effects of COVID-19 on the public realm. The research involved exploring the history of the effects of two major global pandemics – the 19th C. Cholera and the 20th C Influenza pandemics – as well as documenting the effects of COVID-19 as they occurred. The main finding of the research is that pandemics have long-lasting impacts on public space, although each has a somewhat different effect, depending upon whether it is bacterial or viral-based and how different countries and cultures respond. The research also shows that COVID-19 has been unique in rebalancing what we do in-person or remotely, physically or digitally, which will likely have profound effects on the use of public as well as private space. This, in turn, will demand a re-evaluation of public policies, many of which are based on pre-pandemic assumptions about in-person interactions as the primary way in which people work, shop, learn, and live.
Downloads
References
Fisher T. Space, structures, and design in a post-pandemic world. London: Routledge; 2020.
Fisher T. Viral Cities. Places J. 2010. https://doi.org/10.22269/101018 (Accessed on July 12, 2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.22269/101018
Fisher T. Frederick Law Olmsted and the Campaign for Public Health. Places J. 2010. https://doi.org/10.22269/101115 (Accessed on July 12, 2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.22269/101115
Manaugh G, Twilley N. Landscapes of Quarantine. Storefront for Art and Architecture. Architect. March 11, 2010. Available from https://www.architectmagazine.com/ (Accessed on July 12, 2023).
Goldstein B. John Snow, the Broad Street pump, and the precautionary principle. Environ Dev. 2012; 1(1): 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2011.12.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2011.12.002
Barry JMM. The great influenza: the story of the deadliest pandemic in history. New York: Penguin Books; 2005.
Jackson, C. History lessons: the Asian flu pandemic. Br J Gen Pract. 2009; 59(565): 622-623. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp09X453882
Forbes KJ. The Asian and Russian Virus: Firm-level Evidence on How Crises are Transmitted Internationally (July 2000). NBER Working Paper No. w7807, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=237370 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w7807
Lister SA, Redhead CS. The 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) 'Swine Flu' Outbreak: An Overview. Library Of Congress Washington DC Congressional Research Service 20-05-2009. Accession Number: ADA501730.
Piret, J., Bivin, G. Pandemics Throughout History. Front. Microbiol. 2021; 11: Article number 631736. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.631736 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.631736
Epidemic Urbanism Initiative. Available from: https://epidemicurbanism.wordpress.com/ (Accessed on September 17, 2023).
Gharipour, M, DeClercq C. Epidemic Urbanism, Pandemic Diseases in Global Cities. Chicago: Intellect Ltd; 2021.
Afrin S, Chowdhury F, Rahman M. COVID-19 Pandemic: rethinking strategies for resilient urban design, perceptions, and planning. Front Sustain Cities. 2021; 3: Article number 668263. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2021.668263 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2021.668263
Amirzadeh M, Sobhaninia S, Buckman ST, Sharifi A. Towards building resilient cities to pandemics: A review of COVID-19 literature. Sustain Cities Soc. 2023; 89: 104326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.104326 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.104326
Capolongo S, Rebecchi A, Buffoli M, Appolloni L, Signorelli C, Fara G, Maria D, et al. COVID-19 and Cities: from Urban Health strategies to the pandemic challenge. A Decalogue of Public Health opportunities. Acta Biomed. 2020; 91(2): 13-22. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i2.9515
Lak A, Shakouri Asl S, Maher A. Resilient urban form to pandemics: Lessons from COVID-19. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2020; 34: 71. https://doi.org/10.34171/mjiri.34.71 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47176/mjiri.34.71
Lak A, Sharifi A, Badr S, Zali A, Maher A, Mostafavi E, Khalili D. (2021) Spatio-temporal patterns of the COVID-19 pandemic, and place-based influential factors at the neighborhood scale in Tehran. Sustain Cities Soc. 2021; 72: 103034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103034 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103034
Prajapati SP, Bhaumik R, Kumar T. An Intelligent ABM-based Framework for Developing Pandemic-Resilient Urban Spaces in Post-COVID Smart Cities. Procedia Comput Sci. 2023; 218: 2299-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2023.01.205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2023.01.205
Sepe M. Covid-19 pandemic and public spaces: improving quality and flexibility for healthier places. Urban Des Int. 2021; 26(2): 159-73. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41289-021-00153-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41289-021-00153-x
Thorpe A. Reclaiming the streets? Possibilities for post-pandemic public space. Forthcoming (2020) 92 Town Planning Review 2020; UNSWLRS 65: 1-5. https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2020.36 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2020.36
Zhang J, Yao M, Cenci J. Rethinking Urban Decline in Post-COVID19: Bibliometric Analysis and Countermeasures. Buildings. 2023; 13(8): 2009. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13082009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13082009
Rice University, Kinder Institute for Urban Research. COVID-19 and Cities. Available from: https://kinder.rice.edu/issues/covid-19-and-cities
Defoe D. A Journal of the Plague Year. London: Penguin; 2023.
Katko T, Juuti P, Tempelhoff J. Water and the City. Environ Hist. 2010; 16(2): 229-50. https://doi.org/10.3197/096734010X12699419057331 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3197/096734010X12699419057331
Flannery L. Design in the Time of Cholera: How Pandemics Reshaped the Built Environment. Planetizen. May 8, 2020. Available from: https://www.planetizen.com/news/2020/05/109286-design-time-cholera-how-pandemics-reshaped-built-environment (Accessed on September 17, 2023)
Klein C. How Pandemics Spurred Cities to Make More Green Space for People. History. June 7, 2023. Available from: https://www.history.com/news/cholera-pandemic-new-york-city-london-paris-green-space (Accessed on September 17, 2023).
Beach B, Clay K, Saavedra M. The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and its Lessons for COVID-19. Nation Bureau of Economic Research (August 2000). NBER Working Paper No. 27673, Available at SSRN: https://www.nber.org/papers/w27673
Vibound C, Lessler J. The 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Looking Back, Looking Forward. Am J Epidemiol. 2018; 187(12): 2493-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwy207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwy207
Haleem A, Javaid M. Effects of COVID-19 pandemic in daily life. Curr Med Res Pract. 2020; 10(2): 78-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmrp. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmrp.2020.03.011
03.011
How the COVID-19 Crisis Affects Our Everyday Life, Deloitte. Available from: https://www2.deloitte.com/ch/en/pages/about-deloitte/articles/how-covid19-affects-everyday-life.html (Accessed on September 17, 2023).
Allies B. On public, private and communal space. Allies and Morrison Research. Available from: https://www.alliesandmorrison.
com/research/on-public-private-and-communal-space#:~:text=Private%20space%20might%20be%20described,domain%20but%20in%
public%20ownership (Accessed on September 17, 2023).
Spaulding W. Land-Use Controls: Comprehensive Plans, Zoning, and Property Restrictions. thisMatter.com. Available from: https://thismatter.com/money/real-estate/land-use-controls.htm (Accessed on September 17, 2023).
Carmona M. Re-theorising contemporary public space: a new narrative and a new normative. J Urban. 2015; 8(4): 373-405. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2014.909518 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2014.909518
Aboulezz O. How Zoom Won the Pandemic. Harvard Business School Digital Initiative. February 7, 2021. Available from: https://d3.harvard.edu/platform-digit/submission/how-zoom-won-the-pandemic/ (Accessed on September 17, 2023).
Bonsaksen T, Ruffolo M, Price D, Leung J, Thygesen H, Lamph G, et al. Associations between social media use and loneliness in a cross-national population: do motives for social media use matter? Health Psychol Behav Med. 2023; 11(1): 2158089. https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2022.2158089 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2022.2158089
Newell BC, Timan T, Koops B-J. Surveillance, Privacy and Public Space. London: Routledge; 2019. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315200811 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315200811
Lin LY, Sidani JE, Shensa A, Radovic A, Miller E, Colditz JB, et al. Association between Social Media Use and Depression among U.S. Young Adults. Depress Anxiety. 2016; 33(4): 323–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22466 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22466
McKinsey & Co. Americans are embracing flexible work and they want more of it. 2022. Available from: https://www.mckinsey.
com/industries/real-estate/our-insights/americans-are-embracing-flexible-work-and-they-want-more-of-it (Accessed on September 17, 2023).
Georgaris K. Remote Work and the Globalization of Services. Toptal Insights. Available from: https://www.toptal.com/insights/rise-of-remote/globalization-of-services (Accessed on September 17, 2023).
Honey-Rosés J, Anguelovski I, Chireh VK, Daher C, van den Bosch CK, Litt JS, et al. The impact of COVID-19 on public space: An early review of the emerging questions - design, perceptions and inequities. Cities Health. 2020; 5(1): S263-79. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/rf7xa DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2020.1780074
Fisher T. Space, structures, and design in a post-pandemic world. London: Routledge 2020; p. 8-22.
El Khateeb S, Shawket, I. A new perception; generating well-being urban public spaces after the era of pandemics. Dev Built Environ. 2022; 9: 100065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dibe.2021.100065 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dibe.2021.100065
Myers J. 5 Things that COVID-19 has Taught Us about Inequality. World Economic Forum Aug 18, 2020. Available from: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/08/5-things-covid-19-has-taught-us-about-inequality/ (Accessed on September 17, 2023).
Zhou P. The concept of curation: a new way of using urban space. Kearney. July 21, 2021. Available from: https://www.kearney.com/industry/public-sector/article/-/insights/the-concept-of-curation-a-new-way-of-using-urban-space (Accessed on September 17, 2023).
Roese J. COVID-19 exposed the digital divide: here’s how we can close it. World Economic Forum Jan 27, 2021. Available from: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/01/covid-digital-divide-learning-education/ (Accessed on September 17, 2023).
Chopra N. (2023) The World Has Gone Digital, and it is Time for Investors to Spend Like it. Forbes Mar 2, 2023. Available from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinesscouncil/2023/03/02/the-world-has-gone-digital-and-it-is-time-for-investors-to-spend-like-it/?sh=1470559b1cd2 (Accessed on September 17, 2023).
United Nations. WHO Chief Declares End to COVIC-19 as a Global Health Emergency. United Nations 5 May 2023. Available from: https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/05/1136367 (Accessed on September 17, 2023).
United Nations. WHO Chief Declares End to COVIC-19 as a Global Health Emergency. United Nations 5 May 2023. Available from: https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/05/1136367 (Accessed on September 17, 2023).
Kennedy School Faculty. How COVID-19 Has Changed Public Policy. Harvard University June 24, 2020. Available from: https://www.hks.harvard.edu/faculty-research/policy-topics/public-leadership-management/how-covid-19-has-changed-public-policy (Accessed on September 17, 2023).
Defoe D. A Journal of the Plague Year. London: Penguin; 2023.
Wray A, Fleming J, Gilliland J. The public realm during public health emergencies: exploring local level responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Cities and Health. 2020; 5(1): S216-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2020.1790260 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2020.1790260
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Thomas Fisher

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All the published articles are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (CC BY-NC 4.0) which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.
