Keywords
Microfluidics
Numerical simulation
Monodisperse droplets
Droplet generation mechanisms
How to Cite
Abstract
Monodisperse microfluidic droplets, with precisely controlled size, high stability, and compartmentalization, have emerged as powerful tools in biomedicine, chemistry, and materials science. This review systematically summarizes key droplet generation methods, including T-junction, flow-focusing, and co-flow configurations, emphasizing how droplet size, frequency, and morphology are governed by channel geometry and operating parameters. Numerical modeling approaches–particularly Volume-of-Fluid (VOF), Level-Set (LS), and Phase-Field (PF) methods–are evaluated for their capabilities in capturing droplet formation dynamics and guiding device design, with VOF highlighted as the most reliable due to its mass-conservation properties. Applications of monodisperse droplets are further discussed in three major domains: biomedicine, chemical reactions, and materials fabrication. Overall, this review consolidates current advances in droplet fabrication, mechanisms, applications and outlines future directions to promote cross-disciplinary innovations.
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