@article{Mohamed Y. E. Selim_Mamdouh T. Ghannam_Adel M. M. Hussein_2015, title={Physical-Chemical Properties of Water-in-Diesel Fuel Emulsions}, volume={2}, url={https://www.avantipublishers.com/index.php/ijpt/article/view/376}, DOI={10.15377/2409-787X.2015.02.02.2}, abstractNote={<p class="04-abstract">The addition of water dispersed phase into the diesel continuous phase will lead to the formation of water-in-diesel (W/D) emulsion, which significantly reduces the pollution level of NO<sub>x</sub> and particulate matters in the diesel engines. Small amount, 0.2% by volume, of surfactant material was necessary in the preparation of a stable W/D emulsion. The study of the physical and chemical properties of stable W/D emulsions is important to understand the flow behavior characteristics of these emulsions. Pure diesel fuel and three samples of W/D emulsions (10%, 20% and 30% by volume water) were examined in this study. The following properties are measured according to the corresponding ASTM standards for the pure diesel and its emulsions with 10%, 20% and 30% water: heating value, pour point, flash point, distillation data, density, viscosity, calculated cetane index, total acid number, and sulfur content. The addition of water in the emulsion caused a drop in the calorific value, final boiling point, cetane index, total acid number, and sulfur content. Increasing the water also increased the pour point, flash point, and density.</p>}, number={2}, journal={International Journal of Petroleum Technology}, author={Mohamed Y. E. Selim and Mamdouh T. Ghannam and Adel M. M. Hussein}, year={2015}, month={Dec.}, pages={45–52} }